Do you ever experience that sandy and irritating feeling in your eyes when they are dry? If so, you know how uncomfortable it can be. While anyone can have dry eyes, over 16 million people in the United States have been diagnosed with dry eye syndrome, a chronic medical condition that can range from mild discomfort to negatively impacting your quality of life if left undiagnosed and untreated. People with dry eye syndrome can experience a variety of symptoms, including eye pain, discomfort, watery eyes, sensitivity to light, blurry vision, and more. Learn more about the causes of dry eye syndrome and the available treatment options.
When functioning properly, glands near your eye produce tears that spread over your eye, acting as a protective and moisturizing layer to prevent evaporation and clear any particles that could cause infection or irritation. This is known as the tear film, composed of three layers: an inner mucous layer, a middle watery layer, and an outer oily layer. If one or more of these layers of the tear film is not functioning properly, it can lead to dry eye syndrome. There are two types of dry eye syndrome: evaporative and aqueous deficient. Evaporative dry eye syndrome means tears do not last long enough on the eye’s surface and dry up quickly. With aqueous deficient dry eye syndrome, your body does not produce enough tears to keep your eyes moist. Many people have a combination of both types.
Who is at risk of dry eye syndrome? Individuals with medical conditions such as diabetes, thyroid problems, rheumatoid arthritis, and other autoimmune diseases are at higher risk of dry eye syndrome. It is also more common in individuals over the age of 50, although dry eye has become more prevalent in younger populations recently. People assigned female at birth (AFAB) are also more likely than males to have the condition. Menopause can increase your risk due to hormonal changes. Race and ethnicity may also play important roles in the diagnosis and treatment of dry eye syndrome. Research shows that dry eye syndrome is more common in individuals of Asian descent. In one study, Black, Asian, and Hispanic individuals who experienced more severe signs of dry eye syndrome had less access to healthcare and treatment compared to White individuals. Environmental factors like exposure to pollutants, chemical fumes, and cigarette smoke can increase the risk of dry eye syndrome, especially for those who work outdoors. Participants who worked outdoors had the highest rates of dry eye syndrome in one study. The syndrome was also found in 6 out of 10 participants who smoked tobacco.
Other risk factors for dry eye syndrome include: Wearing contact lensesMedications such as diuretics, flu and allergy medicines, and some antidepressantsCertain medical conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, lupus, and Sjögren’s syndromeHaving undergone LASIK or cataract surgeryStaring at something for long periods without blinkingExcessive screen device usageLiving in dry and windy climates
What are the symptoms of dry eye syndrome? If you have dry eye syndrome, you may experience a variety of symptoms, including: Feeling like there is something in your eyeA gritty or scratchy sensationRedness, itching, or burningLight sensitivityChanges in visionBlurry vision (especially when reading)General eye pain or discomfort with contact lensesWatery eyesMucoid filaments in or near the eyeFatigue
What treatments are available for dry eye? For years, artificial tears have been the most common therapy for dry eye syndrome, designed to protect and lubricate the eye and relieve symptoms. While artificial tears can be helpful for some people, other treatment options are now available. These include both prescription and over-the-counter options that can treat dry eyes in various ways, such as moisturizing the eyes, increasing tear production, or reducing inflammation. Research is ongoing regarding supplements and vitamins for dry eye syndrome. Certain vitamins and supplements may help alleviate dry eye symptoms. Eating omega-3-rich foods like sardines, salmon, and tuna may help glands produce more tears. One study showed that taking vitamin D supplements can improve eye health and enhance the effectiveness of some eye drops. Another study found that taking vitamin A could help improve the tear film and lubricate the eyes.
The symptoms of dry eye syndrome can vary for each individual and may change over time. This can make it challenging to diagnose without consulting an eye care specialist such as an ophthalmologist or optometrist, who can use advanced tools to examine your eyes closely. The variability of symptoms, lack of clear diagnostic standards, and absence of a universal treatment can make dry eye syndrome difficult to manage. While mild symptoms of dry eye syndrome can be bothersome, moderate to severe cases can significantly impact your daily life, affecting your overall well-being. What works for one person with dry eye syndrome may not work for another. Consult with an eye care professional about your symptoms and continue seeking help if treatment is not effective.
Additional content: This educational resource was created with support from the More Real. More Substance. YouTube Channel from the Viatris Eye Care Division. NON-2023-XXXX 11/23.
