In a comprehensive review, researchers emphasize the significance of defense against predation as a key determinant of species longevity. Long-lived species often exhibit protective adaptations such as shells, flight, or living underground. It is suggested that evolution prioritizes longevity once extrinsic mortality from predators is minimized. Subsequently, various proximate biochemical factors can influence longevity in diverse ways.
A variety of environmental, morphological, and behavioral factors contribute to the longevity of different taxa. Long-lived species develop strategies to enhance stability, defense mechanisms, and overall lifespan. Key factors influencing longevity include body size, metabolism rate, repair mechanisms, antioxidant defenses, resistance to toxins and tumors, and retention of youthful characteristics.
Further research focuses on the distinguishing characteristics of long-lived ectotherms like crocodiles and turtles, compared to other ectotherms (squamates and amphibians) and endotherms (birds and mammals). Mathematical indicators such as mortality rate, maximum lifespan, and variation coefficient are utilized to assess longevity predisposition across species. The study delves into evolutionary aging patterns based on protective phenotypes and life history strategies.
Analysis of factors like body size, temperature, encephalization, niche protection, and environmental conditions reveals their impact on lifespan variability. Contrary to popular belief, metabolism and temperature do not emerge as the primary factors influencing longevity. Species with protective adaptations like shells (e.g., turtles) tend to live longer than those with toxic defenses. The enhancement of defense mechanisms in long-lived ectotherms mirrors strategies seen in long-lived endotherms such as underground dwellers (naked mole-rats) and flying species (bats and birds).
