Cancer is the result of uncontrolled cell growth and division. When the cell death process breaks down, cancer can result. Pancreatic cancer cells do not experience programmed death, but instead continue to grow and divide. The causes of this behavior are not fully understood, but scientists have identified several potential risk factors.
Genes – the DNA type
DNA damage or mutations in genes responsible for cell division can lead to uncontrolled cell growth. Oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, suicide genes, and DNA-repair genes are all involved in the cell division process. Mutations in these genes can lead to the development of pancreatic cancer. In most cases, these mutations occur after birth rather than being inherited from parents.
Genes – the family type
About 10% of pancreatic cancers are thought to be caused by inherited gene mutations. Genetic syndromes associated with pancreatic cancer include hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome, melanoma, pancreatitis, and non-polyposis colorectal cancer.
Carcinogens
Carcinogens, such as certain pesticides, dyes, and chemicals used in metal refining, can damage DNA and increase the risk of developing pancreatic cancer. Exposure to carcinogens can lead to the formation of free radicals in the body, which can damage cells and lead to cancerous growths.
Other medical factors
Age, certain diseases (such as cirrhosis, helicobacter pylori infection, diabetes, chronic pancreatitis, and gingivitis), traits, habits, and diet are all associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer.
Traits, habits, and diet
Men, African-Americans, smokers, and individuals with a poor diet and obesity are more likely to develop pancreatic cancer. Alcohol consumption and lack of exercise are also risk factors for the disease.
Symptoms of pancreatic cancer
Early symptoms of pancreatic cancer are rare, but as the cancer progresses, symptoms may include pain in the upper abdomen, jaundice, loss of appetite, weight loss, and weakness. Tumors can also lead to acholic stool and steatorrhea, which are symptoms of pancreatic cancer. If the cancer spreads, additional symptoms may present themselves, such as blood clots, depression, and excessive production of insulin or hormones.
